tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21871539084085706672024-02-07T20:20:51.524-08:00My WorldClassification of Refractories
Refractories can be classified on the basis of chemical composition and use and methods of manufactureWork Of Minehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10169530382605747252noreply@blogger.comBlogger16125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2187153908408570667.post-55834692552542759472009-04-12T22:33:00.000-07:002009-04-12T22:34:28.981-07:00Classification of Refractories<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CRudi%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Wingdings; 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mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="CM32" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Refractories can be classified on the basis of chemical composition and use and methods of manufacture as shown below: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; width: 453.25pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="604"> <tbody><tr style="height: 15.25pt;"> <td style="border: 1.1pt solid black; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 269.4pt; height: 15.25pt;" valign="top" width="359"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Classification based on Chemical composition <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1.1pt 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 183.9pt; height: 15.25pt;" valign="top" width="245"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Examples <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.65pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 269.4pt; height: 16.65pt;" valign="top" width="359"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">ACID which readily combines with bases. <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 183.9pt; height: 16.65pt;" valign="top" width="245"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Silica, Semisilica, Aluminosilicate. <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 27.9pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 269.4pt; height: 27.9pt;" width="359"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">BASIC which consists mainly of metallic oxides which resist the action of bases. <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 183.9pt; height: 27.9pt;" valign="top" width="245"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Magnesite, chromemagnesite, Dolomite. <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 27.25pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 269.4pt; height: 27.25pt;" valign="top" width="359"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">NEUTRAL which doesn't combine; neither with acids nor bases. <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 183.9pt; height: 27.25pt;" valign="top" width="245"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Chrome, Pure. Alumina <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.65pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 269.4pt; height: 16.65pt;" valign="top" width="359"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Special <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 183.9pt; height: 16.65pt;" valign="top" width="245"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Carbon, Silicon Carbide, Zirconia. <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.9pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 269.4pt; height: 15.9pt;" valign="top" width="359"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Classification based on end use <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 183.9pt; height: 15.9pt;" valign="top" width="245"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Blast furnace Casting Pit <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 111.25pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 269.4pt; height: 111.25pt;" valign="top" width="359"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Classification based on method of manufacture <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 183.9pt; height: 111.25pt;" valign="top" width="245"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">•</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Dry Press Process •Fused Cast •Hand Moulded •Formed Normal, fired or Chemically bonded.) •Unformed (Monolithics – plastics, Ramming Mass, Gunning Castable, Spraying.) <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="CM5" style="text-align: justify;">Mineral-based refractories are classified according to their chemical composition: </p> <p class="CM17" style="margin-left: 38.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -26.5pt;">i.<span style=""> </span>Acid bricks contain at least 92%~ silicon oxide (SiO<sub><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; position: relative; top: 2pt;">2</span></sub>); </p> <p class="Default" style="margin: 0pt 12pt 0.0001pt 38.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -26.35pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="color: windowtext;">ii.<span style=""> </span>Semi-basic bricks contain at least 65% silicon oxide. but less than 30% alumina (A1</span><sub><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; color: windowtext; position: relative; top: 2pt;">2</span></sub><span style="color: windowtext;">O</span><sub><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; color: windowtext; position: relative; top: 2pt;">3</span></sub><span style="color: windowtext;">); <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM18" style="margin-left: 38.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -26.5pt;">iii.<span style=""> </span>Neutral bricks contain at least 30% alumina; </p> <p class="Default" style="text-indent: 12pt;"><span style="color: windowtext;">iv.<span style=""> </span>Basic bricks contain at least 60% magnesium oxide (MgO). <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-indent: 12pt;"><span style="color: windowtext;">v.<span style=""> </span>Synthetic refractories e.g. silicon carbide are produced by melting and casting processes. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="CM5" style="text-align: justify;">The structure of the furnace consists mainly of refractory bricks and cement, which must be able to withstand the high furnace temperatures and must be carefully selected and constructed. The furnace structure may contain monolithic refractories, which can be shaped in situ, e.g. those used for burner quarls. There are three basic types of monolithic refractories: </p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; color: windowtext;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext;">Castables; <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; color: windowtext;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext;">Mouldables; <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; color: windowtext;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext;">Ramming mixtures <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext;">Different furnace zones normally operate at different temperatures. The correct selection <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM13">of refractory materials for the various parts of the furnace and for various components e.g. hearths, walls, etc, is important. This process is governed not only by properties like thermal conductivity, expansion, etc, but also by the experience of the furnace designer or builder. </p> <p class="CM19" style="text-indent: 18pt;">The hearth is the most important and the most severely treated region of a furnace. It should be able to bear the required load and withstand chemical attack and mechanical wear. The selection of hearth refractories is less critical for top and bottom fired furnaces, than for top fired only pusher types. </p> <p class="CM27" style="text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 14pt;">For optimum strength and thermal insulation, the walls, roof and hearth of most furnaces are constructed using layers of refractory materials. Thermal insulation is determined by the thermal properties of the refractory, and these properties are important in minimising transmission and storage heat losses. Table 5.5 compares the thermal properties of typical high density and low density refractory materials. Structural heat losses can be reduced by using low thermal mass refractory materials in the construction of the furnace. </p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; width: 453.25pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="604"> <tbody><tr style="height: 21pt;"> <td colspan="3" style="border-style: solid none solid solid; border-color: black -moz-use-text-color black black; border-width: 1pt medium 1.1pt 1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; background: rgb(154, 210, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 281.4pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 21pt;" width="375"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "BLJHK F+ T T 11 A 3 O 00"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">TABLE 5.5 TYPICAL REFRACTORY PROPERTIES <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; background: rgb(154, 210, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 171.9pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 21pt;" valign="top" width="229"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="color: windowtext;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 25.9pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 146.4pt; height: 25.9pt;" valign="top" width="195"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Property <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 133.9pt; height: 25.9pt;" width="179"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">High Thermal Mass(High Density Refractories) <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 171.9pt; height: 25.9pt;" valign="top" width="229"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Low Thermal Mass (Ceramic Fibre) <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border: medium none ; padding: 0pt;" width="1"><p class="MsoNormal"> </p></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 14.5pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 146.4pt; height: 14.5pt;" width="195"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Thermal Conductivity, W/m K <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 133.9pt; height: 14.5pt;" width="179"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">1.2 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 171.9pt; height: 14.5pt;" valign="top" width="229"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">0.3 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border: medium none ; padding: 0pt;" width="1"><p class="MsoNormal"> </p></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 14.5pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 146.4pt; height: 14.5pt;" width="195"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Specific Heat, J/kg K <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 133.9pt; height: 14.5pt;" width="179"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">1000 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 171.9pt; height: 14.5pt;" width="229"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">1000 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border: medium none ; padding: 0pt;" width="1"><p class="MsoNormal"> </p></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 14.65pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 146.4pt; height: 14.65pt;" width="195"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Density ,kg/m</span><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">3 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 133.9pt; height: 14.65pt;" width="179"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">2300 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 171.9pt; height: 14.65pt;" width="229"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">130 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border: medium none ; padding: 0pt;" width="1"><p class="MsoNormal"> </p></td> </tr> <!--[if !supportMisalignedColumns]--> <tr height="0"> <td style="border: medium none ;" width="195"></td> <td style="border: medium none ;" width="179"></td> <td style="border: medium none ;" width="1"></td> <td style="border: medium none ;" width="228"></td> <td style="border: medium none ;" width="1"></td> </tr> <!--[endif]--> </tbody></table> <p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="CM30" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 14pt;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> Work Of Minehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10169530382605747252noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2187153908408570667.post-82453633507250945722009-04-12T22:27:00.000-07:002009-04-12T22:34:28.986-07:00Typical Refractories in Industrial Use <!--[if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} </style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><p class="CM32" style="text-align: justify; 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mso-pagination:none; mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"BLJIF H+ Times"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"BLJIF H+ Times"; color:black;} p.CM1, li.CM1, div.CM1 {mso-style-name:CM1; mso-style-parent:Default; mso-style-next:Default; margin:0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:none; mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"BLJIF H+ Times"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.CM5, li.CM5, div.CM5 {mso-style-name:CM5; mso-style-parent:Default; mso-style-next:Default; margin:0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:14.0pt; mso-pagination:none; mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"BLJIF H+ Times"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.CM29, li.CM29, div.CM29 {mso-style-name:CM29; mso-style-parent:Default; mso-style-next:Default; margin-top:0pt; margin-right:0pt; margin-bottom:10.5pt; margin-left:0pt; mso-pagination:none; mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"BLJIF H+ Times"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.CM30, li.CM30, div.CM30 {mso-style-name:CM30; mso-style-parent:Default; mso-style-next:Default; margin-top:0pt; margin-right:0pt; margin-bottom:3.75pt; margin-left:0pt; mso-pagination:none; mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"BLJIF H+ Times"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.CM32, li.CM32, div.CM32 {mso-style-name:CM32; mso-style-parent:Default; mso-style-next:Default; margin-top:0pt; margin-right:0pt; margin-bottom:13.25pt; margin-left:0pt; mso-pagination:none; mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"BLJIF H+ Times"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="CM32" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Depending on the area of application such as boilers, furnaces, kilns, ovens etc, temperatures and atmospheres encountered different types of refractories are used. Typical installations of refractories are shown in Figure 5.6 </span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibrsX-NcwAAmHPXDWI2W26VDmMwHzNNNmFGVfq4LRTGaYdJZZr1Pe1lUQ5CGse5yBqjZD0OrhnaTHF38mURsDULbT8f6bZa508EV7ByZ1XLUOxsD4X3yGtUpXyXzyfDYCsbHtzA-dEpU4/s1600-h/2Ch5_img_8.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 122px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibrsX-NcwAAmHPXDWI2W26VDmMwHzNNNmFGVfq4LRTGaYdJZZr1Pe1lUQ5CGse5yBqjZD0OrhnaTHF38mURsDULbT8f6bZa508EV7ByZ1XLUOxsD4X3yGtUpXyXzyfDYCsbHtzA-dEpU4/s320/2Ch5_img_8.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5324043657302092930" border="0"></a></p> <p class="CM1" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Figure 5.6 <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM30" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Fireclay Refractories <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM5" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Fireclay refractories, such as firebricks, siliceous fireclays and aluminous clay refractories consist of aluminium silicates with various amounts of silica ranging from SiO</span><sub><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31); position: relative; top: 2pt;">2 </span></sub><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">content of less than 78% and containing less than 44% of Al</span><sub><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31); position: relative; top: 2pt;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">O</span><sub><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31); position: relative; top: 2pt;">3</span></sub><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Table 5.6 shows that as the quantity of impurities increases and the amount of Al</span><sub><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31); position: relative; top: 2pt;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">O</span><sub><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31); position: relative; top: 2pt;">3 </span></sub><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM29" style="margin-left: 341.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">5. Insulation & Refractories <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM5" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">decreases, the melting point of fireclay brick decreases. Owing to its relative cheapness and widespread location of the raw materials used to manufacture firebricks, this material finds use in most furnaces, kilns, stoves, etc. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM29" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Firebrick is the most common form of refractory material. It is used extensively in the iron and steel industry, nonferrous metallurgy, glass industry, pottery kilns, cement industry, and by many others. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; width: 453.25pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="604"> <tbody><tr style="height: 21.25pt;"> <td colspan="5" style="border-style: solid none solid solid; border-color: black -moz-use-text-color black black; border-width: 1pt medium 1.1pt 1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; background: rgb(154, 210, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 369.9pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 21.25pt;" width="493"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "BLJHK F+ T T 11 A 3 O 00"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">TABLE 5.6 PROPERTIES OF TYPICAL FIRECLAY BRICKS <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; background: rgb(154, 210, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 83.4pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="111"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="color: windowtext;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 26pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 89.15pt; height: 26pt;" valign="top" width="119"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Brick <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 81.75pt; height: 26pt;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Percent SiO</span><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">2 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 99.75pt; height: 26pt;" valign="top" width="133"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Percent Al</span><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">2</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">O</span><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">3 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 96pt; height: 26pt;" valign="top" width="128"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Other Constituents <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 83.4pt; height: 26pt;" valign="top" width="111"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">PCE °C <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border: medium none ; padding: 0pt;" width="4"><p class="MsoNormal"> </p></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 14.5pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 89.15pt; height: 14.5pt;" valign="top" width="119"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Super Duty <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 81.75pt; height: 14.5pt;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">49-53 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 99.75pt; height: 14.5pt;" valign="top" width="133"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">40−44 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 96pt; height: 14.5pt;" valign="top" width="128"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">5-7 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 83.4pt; height: 14.5pt;" valign="top" width="111"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">1745-1760 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border: medium none ; padding: 0pt;" width="4"><p class="MsoNormal"> </p></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 14.5pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 89.15pt; height: 14.5pt;" valign="top" width="119"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">High Duty <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 81.75pt; height: 14.5pt;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">50-80 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 99.75pt; height: 14.5pt;" valign="top" width="133"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">35-40 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 96pt; height: 14.5pt;" valign="top" width="128"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">5-9 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 83.4pt; height: 14.5pt;" valign="top" width="111"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">1690-1745 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border: medium none ; padding: 0pt;" width="4"><p class="MsoNormal"> </p></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 14.5pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 89.15pt; height: 14.5pt;" valign="top" width="119"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Intermediate <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 81.75pt; height: 14.5pt;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">60-70 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 99.75pt; height: 14.5pt;" valign="top" width="133"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">26-36 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 96pt; height: 14.5pt;" valign="top" width="128"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">5-9 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 83.4pt; height: 14.5pt;" valign="top" width="111"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">1640-1680 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border: medium none ; padding: 0pt;" width="4"><p class="MsoNormal"> </p></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 18pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 89.15pt; height: 18pt;" valign="top" width="119"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">HighDuty (Siliceous) <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 81.75pt; height: 18pt;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">65-80 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 99.75pt; height: 18pt;" valign="top" width="133"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">18-30 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 96pt; height: 18pt;" valign="top" width="128"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">3-8 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 83.4pt; height: 18pt;" valign="top" width="111"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">1620-1680 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border: medium none ; padding: 0pt;" width="4"><p class="MsoNormal"> </p></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 14.65pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 89.15pt; height: 14.65pt;" valign="top" width="119"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Low Duty <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 81.75pt; height: 14.65pt;" valign="top" width="109"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">60-70 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 99.75pt; height: 14.65pt;" valign="top" width="133"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">23-33 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 96pt; height: 14.65pt;" valign="top" width="128"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">6-10 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 83.4pt; height: 14.65pt;" valign="top" width="111"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">1520-1595 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border: medium none ; padding: 0pt;" width="4"><p class="MsoNormal"> </p></td> </tr> <!--[if !supportMisalignedColumns]--> <tr height="0"> <td style="border: medium none ;" width="119"></td> <td style="border: medium none ;" width="109"></td> <td style="border: medium none ;" width="133"></td> <td style="border: medium none ;" width="128"></td> <td style="border: medium none ;" width="4"></td> <td style="border: medium none ;" width="107"></td> <td style="border: medium none ;" width="4"></td> </tr> <!--[endif]--> </tbody></table> <p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="CM5" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="Default"><font color="#000000"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="CM5" style="text-align: justify;"><font style="" face="""><o:p> </o:p></font></p> Work Of Minehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10169530382605747252noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2187153908408570667.post-28805507463971778072009-04-12T22:26:00.002-07:002009-04-12T22:34:28.988-07:00High Alumina Refractories <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CRudi%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"BLJIF H+ Times"; panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:auto; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:"BLJIP F+ Times"; panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:auto; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.CM29, li.CM29, div.CM29 {mso-style-name:CM29; mso-style-next:Normal; margin-top:0pt; margin-right:0pt; margin-bottom:10.5pt; margin-left:0pt; mso-pagination:none; mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"BLJIF H+ Times"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="CM29" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">Alumino silicate refractories containing more than 45% alumina are generally termed as high alumina materials. The alumina concentration ranges from 45 to 100%. The refractoriness of high alumina refractories increases with increase in alumina percentage. The applications of high alumina refractories includes the hearth and shaft of blast furnaces, ceramic kilns, cement kilns, glass tanks and crucibles for melting a wide range of metals. <o:p></o:p></span></p> Work Of Minehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10169530382605747252noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2187153908408570667.post-63146956532850422722009-04-12T22:26:00.001-07:002009-04-12T22:34:28.994-07:00Silica Brick <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CRudi%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"BLJIF H+ Times"; panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:auto; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:"BLJIP F+ Times"; panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:auto; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.CM5, li.CM5, div.CM5 {mso-style-name:CM5; mso-style-next:Normal; margin:0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:14.0pt; mso-pagination:none; mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"BLJIF H+ Times"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.CM29, li.CM29, div.CM29 {mso-style-name:CM29; mso-style-next:Normal; margin-top:0pt; margin-right:0pt; margin-bottom:10.5pt; margin-left:0pt; mso-pagination:none; mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"BLJIF H+ Times"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="CM5" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">Silica brick (or Dinas) is a refractory material containing at least 93% SiO</span><sub><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; position: relative; top: 2pt;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">. The raw material is quality rocks. Various grades of silica brick have found extensive use in the iron and steel melting furnaces. In addition to high fusion point multi-type refractories, the other important properties are their high resistance to thermal shock (spalling) and their high refractoriness. It finds typical use in glass making and steel industry. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM29" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">The outstanding property of silica brick is that it does not begin to soften under high loads until its fusion point is approached. This behaviour contrasts with that of many other refractories, for example alumino silicate materials, which begin to fuse and creep at temperatures considerably lower than their fusion points. Other advantages are flux and stag resistance, volume stability and high spalling resistance. <o:p></o:p></span></p> Work Of Minehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10169530382605747252noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2187153908408570667.post-25517958708939295412009-04-12T22:25:00.001-07:002009-04-12T22:34:29.001-07:00Magnesite <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CRudi%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"BLJIP F+ Times"; panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:auto; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">Magnesite refractories are chemically basic materials, containing at least 85% magnesium oxide. They are made from naturally occurring magnesite (MgCO</span><sub><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; position: relative; top: 2pt;">3</span></sub><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">). The properties of magnesite refractories depend on the concentration of silicate bond at the operating temperatures. Good quality magnesite usually results from a CaO-SiO</span><sub><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; position: relative; top: 2pt;">2 </span></sub><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">ratio of less than 2 with a minimum ferrite concentration, particularly if the furnaces lined with the refractory operate in oxidizing and reducing conditions. The slag resistance is very high particularly to lime and iron rich slags.</span>Work Of Minehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10169530382605747252noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2187153908408570667.post-53407362270228515332009-04-12T22:24:00.000-07:002009-04-12T22:34:29.005-07:00Chromite Refractories<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CRudi%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"BLJIF H+ Times"; panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:auto; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:"BLJIP F+ Times"; panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:auto; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.CM5, li.CM5, div.CM5 {mso-style-name:CM5; mso-style-next:Normal; margin:0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:14.0pt; mso-pagination:none; mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"BLJIF H+ Times"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="CM5" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">Here, a distinction must be made between chrome-magnesite refractories and magnesite-chromite-refractories. Chromemagnesite material usually contain 15-35% Cr</span><sub><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; position: relative; top: 2pt;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">O</span><sub><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; position: relative; top: 2pt;">3 </span></sub><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">and 42-50% MgO whereas magnesite-chromite refractories contain at least 60% MgO and 8-18% Cr</span><sub><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; position: relative; top: 2pt;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">O</span><sub><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; position: relative; top: 2pt;">3</span></sub><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">Chrome-magnesite refractories are made in a wide range of qualities and are used for building the critical parts of high temperature furnaces. These materials can withstand corrosive slags and gases and have high refractoriness. The magnesite-chromite products are suitable for service at the highest temperatures and in contact with the most basic slags used in steel melting. Magnesite-chromite usually ahs a better spalling resistance than chrome-magnesite.</span>Work Of Minehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10169530382605747252noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2187153908408570667.post-8166475918658411792009-04-12T22:23:00.000-07:002009-04-12T22:34:29.008-07:00Zirconia Refractories Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) is a polymorphic, material. There are certain difficulties in its usage and fabrication as a refractory material. It is essential to stabilize it before application as a refractory. This is achieved by incorporating small quantities of calcium, magnesium and ceri¬um oxide, etc. Its properties depend mainly on the degree of stabilization and quantity of stabi¬lizer as well as the quality of the original raw material. Zirconia refractories have a very high strength at room temperature which is maintained upto temperatures as high as 1500 °C. They are, therefore, useful as high temperature constructional materials for furnaces and kilns. The thermal conductivity, of zirconium dioxide is found to be much lower than that of most other refractories and the material is therefore used as a high temperature insulating refractory.<br />Since Zirconia exhibits very low thermal losses and does not react readily with liquid metals, it is particularly useful for making refractory crucibles and other vessels for metallurgical purposes. Zirconia is a useful refractory material for glass furnaces primarily since it is not easily wetted by molten glasses and because of its low reaction with them.<br />Work Of Minehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10169530382605747252noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2187153908408570667.post-63143413189198559632009-04-12T22:20:00.000-07:002009-04-12T22:22:23.639-07:00Oxide Refractories (Alumina) <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CRudi%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"BLJIF H+ Times"; panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:auto; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:"BLJIP F+ Times"; panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:auto; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.CM29, li.CM29, div.CM29 {mso-style-name:CM29; mso-style-next:Normal; margin-top:0pt; margin-right:0pt; margin-bottom:10.5pt; margin-left:0pt; mso-pagination:none; mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"BLJIF H+ Times"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="CM29" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">Alumina refractory materials which consist of aluminium oxide with little traces of impurities are often known as pure alumina. Alumina is one of the most chemically stable oxides known. It is mechanically very strong, insoluble in water and super heated steam, and in most inorganic acids and alkalies. Its properties make it suitable for the shaping of crucibles for fusing sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide and sodium peroxide. It has a high resistance in oxidizing and reducing atmosphere. Alumina is extensively used in heat processing industries. Highly porous alumina is used for lining furnaces operating up to 1850 °C. <o:p></o:p></span></p> Work Of Minehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10169530382605747252noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2187153908408570667.post-17022723584288330032009-04-12T22:18:00.001-07:002009-04-12T22:20:11.516-07:00Monolithics<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVUpvvh9Q0lcZCmeTWmrYkbOf-AmUFMbEddGQCoLQ7XZU7e1JNfOJ-qvmsvKncbskYzyh54jBgIeeAhZFALu8chPOJJhE6weJMVIC82xtTbA_eOVXHfPkYhk2qPLCRRArvg8DJJEbGaE4/s1600-h/2Ch5_img_9.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 255px; height: 226px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVUpvvh9Q0lcZCmeTWmrYkbOf-AmUFMbEddGQCoLQ7XZU7e1JNfOJ-qvmsvKncbskYzyh54jBgIeeAhZFALu8chPOJJhE6weJMVIC82xtTbA_eOVXHfPkYhk2qPLCRRArvg8DJJEbGaE4/s320/2Ch5_img_9.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5324041226098257938" border="0"></a><br /><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; 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mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-family:Symbol;} ol {margin-bottom:0pt;} ul {margin-bottom:0pt;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="Default" style="margin-right: 151pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 14pt;"><font style="" color="#000000" face=""" size="2">Monolithic refractories (single piece cast in the shape of equipment such as one for a ladle shown in Figure 5.7) are replacing the conventional type fired refractories at a much faster rate in many applications including those of industrial furnaces. The main advantages being: <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="" color="#000000" face="Symbol" size="2"><font style="">·<font style="" face="""> </font></font></font><!--[endif]--><font style="" color="#000000" face=""" size="2">It eliminates joints which is an inherent weakness <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="" color="#000000" face="Symbol" size="2"><font style="">·<font style="" face="""> </font></font></font><!--[endif]--><font style="" color="#000000" face=""" size="2">Method of application is faster and skilled measures in<br />large number are not required<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="" color="#000000" face="Symbol" size="2"><font style="">·<font style="" face="""> </font></font></font><!--[endif]--><font style="" color="#000000" face=""" size="2">Transportation and handling are simple <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="" color="#000000" face="Symbol" size="2"><font style="">·<font style="" face="""> </font></font></font><!--[endif]--><font style="" color="#000000" face=""" size="2">Offers better scope to reduce downtime for repairs <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="" color="#000000" face="Symbol" size="2"><font style="">·<font style="" face="""> </font></font></font><!--[endif]--><font style="" color="#000000" face=""" size="2">Offers considerable scope to reduce inventory and eliminate special shapes <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="" color="#000000" face="Symbol" size="2"><font style="">·<font style="" face="""> </font></font></font><!--[endif]--><font style="" color="#000000" face=""" size="2">It is a heat saver <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="" color="#000000" face="Symbol" size="2"><font style="">·<font style="" face="""> </font></font></font><!--[endif]--><font style="" color="#000000" face=""" size="2">Has better spalling resistance <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="" color="#000000" face="Symbol" size="2"><font style="">·<font style="" face="""> </font></font></font><!--[endif]--><font style="" color="#000000" face=""" size="2">Has greater volume stability<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="Default"><font style="" color="#000000" face=""" size="2">Various means are employed in the placement of monolithics like ramming, casting, gunniting, spraying, sand slinging, etc. Ramming masses are used mostly in cold applications where proper consolidation of the material is important. The same practice can be adopted with both air setting and heat setting materials. Proper ramming tools need to be selected. <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="Default"><font style="" color="#000000" face=""" size="2"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="CM29" style="text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 14pt;"><font style="" face="""><font size="2">Castables by name implies a material of hydraulic setting in nature. Calcium aluminate cement being the binder, it will have to be stored properly to prevent moisture absorption. Further its strength starts deteriorating after a period of 6 to 12 months. </font><o:p></o:p></font></p> Work Of Minehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10169530382605747252noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2187153908408570667.post-10675671189118749822009-04-12T22:16:00.001-07:002009-04-12T22:17:58.376-07:00Insulating Materials <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CRudi%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Wingdings; 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text-autospace:none; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"BLJIF H+ Times"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.CM32, li.CM32, div.CM32 {mso-style-name:CM32; mso-style-parent:Default; mso-style-next:Default; margin-top:0pt; margin-right:0pt; margin-bottom:13.25pt; margin-left:0pt; mso-pagination:none; mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"BLJIF H+ Times"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.CM13, li.CM13, div.CM13 {mso-style-name:CM13; mso-style-parent:Default; mso-style-next:Default; margin:0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:14.0pt; mso-pagination:none; mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"BLJIF H+ Times"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.CM19, li.CM19, div.CM19 {mso-style-name:CM19; mso-style-parent:Default; mso-style-next:Default; margin:0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:14.0pt; mso-pagination:none; mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"BLJIF H+ Times"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:618.0pt 833.0pt; margin:27.5pt 31.35pt 28.0pt 29.2pt; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} /* List Definitions */ @list l0 {mso-list-id:163327188; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:46189458 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693;} @list l0:level1 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:; mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-family:Symbol;} ol {margin-bottom:0pt;} ul {margin-bottom:0pt;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="CM27" style="line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">Insulating materials greatly reduce the heat losses through walls. Insulation is effected by providing a layer of material having a low heat conductivity between the internal hot surface of a furnace and the external surface, thus causing the temperature of the external surface reduced. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM13"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">The insulating materials may be classified into the following groups: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; color: windowtext;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: windowtext;">Insulating bricks <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; color: windowtext;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: windowtext;">Insulating Castables <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; color: windowtext;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: windowtext;">Ceramic fibre <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; color: windowtext;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: windowtext;">Calcium silicate <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; color: windowtext;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: windowtext;">Ceramic coating <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="Default"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: windowtext;">Insulating materials owe their low conductivity to their pores while their heat capacity depends on the bulk density and specific heat. Structure of air insulating material consists of minute pores filled with air which have in themselves very low thermal conductivity, excessive heat affects all insulation material adversely, but the temperatures to which the various materials can be heated before this adverse effect occurs differ widely. Clearly, therefore, the choice of an insulating material must depend upon its effectiveness to resist heat conductivity and upon the temperature that it will withstand. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="Default"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: windowtext;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="CM19" style="text-indent: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">One of the most widely used insulating materials is diatomite, also known as kiesel guhr which is made up of a mass of skeletons of minute aquatic plants deposited thousands of years ago on the beds of seas and lakes. Chemically this consists of silica contaminated with clay and organic matter. A wide range of insulating refractories with wide combinations of properties are now available. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM32" style="text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">The important physical properties of some insulating refractories are shown in the Table 5.7. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; width: 452.15pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="603"> <tbody><tr style="height: 20.4pt;"> <td colspan="5" style="border-style: solid none solid solid; border-color: black -moz-use-text-color black black; border-width: 1pt medium 1.1pt 1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; background: rgb(154, 210, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 348.4pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 20.4pt;" width="465"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "BLJHK F+ T T 11 A 3 O 00"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">TABLE 5.7 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF INSULATING REFRACTORIES <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: solid none; border-color: black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt medium 1.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; background: rgb(154, 210, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 41.65pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 20.4pt;" valign="top" width="56"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="color: windowtext;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; background: rgb(154, 210, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 62.15pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 20.4pt;" valign="top" width="83"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="color: windowtext;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 25.9pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 100.4pt; height: 25.9pt;" valign="top" width="134"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Type <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 97.9pt; height: 25.9pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Thermal conductivity at 400 °C <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 73pt; height: 25.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Max. safe temperature °C <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 73.75pt; height: 25.9pt;" valign="top" width="98"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Cold Crushing Strength Kg/cm</span><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">2 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 41.65pt; height: 25.9pt;" valign="top" width="56"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Porosity % <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 62.15pt; height: 25.9pt;" valign="top" width="83"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Bulk density Kg/m</span><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">3 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border: medium none ; padding: 0pt;" width="4"><p class="MsoNormal"> </p></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 100.4pt; height: 16pt;" valign="top" width="134"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Diatomite Solid Grade <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 97.9pt; height: 16pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">0.025 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 73pt; height: 16pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">1000 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 73.75pt; height: 16pt;" valign="top" width="98"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">270 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 41.65pt; height: 16pt;" valign="top" width="56"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">52 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 62.15pt; height: 16pt;" valign="top" width="83"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">1090 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border: medium none ; padding: 0pt;" width="4"><p class="MsoNormal"> </p></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.4pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 100.4pt; height: 15.4pt;" valign="top" width="134"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Diatomite Porous Grade <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 97.9pt; height: 15.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">0.014 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 73pt; height: 15.4pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">800 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 73.75pt; height: 15.4pt;" valign="top" width="98"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">110 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 41.65pt; height: 15.4pt;" valign="top" width="56"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">77 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 62.15pt; height: 15.4pt;" valign="top" width="83"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">540 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border: medium none ; padding: 0pt;" width="4"><p class="MsoNormal"> </p></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 14.5pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 100.4pt; height: 14.5pt;" valign="top" width="134"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Clay <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 97.9pt; height: 14.5pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">0.030 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 73pt; height: 14.5pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">1500 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 73.75pt; height: 14.5pt;" valign="top" width="98"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">260 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 41.65pt; height: 14.5pt;" valign="top" width="56"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">68 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 62.15pt; height: 14.5pt;" valign="top" width="83"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">560 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border: medium none ; padding: 0pt;" width="4"><p class="MsoNormal"> </p></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 100.4pt; height: 12.75pt;" valign="top" width="134"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">High Aluminia <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 97.9pt; height: 12.75pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">0.028 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 73pt; height: 12.75pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">1500–1600 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 73.75pt; height: 12.75pt;" valign="top" width="98"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">300 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 41.65pt; height: 12.75pt;" valign="top" width="56"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">66 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 62.15pt; height: 12.75pt;" valign="top" width="83"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">910 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border: medium none ; padding: 0pt;" width="4"><p class="MsoNormal"> </p></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 14.65pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 100.4pt; height: 14.65pt;" valign="top" width="134"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Silica <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 97.9pt; height: 14.65pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">0.040 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 73pt; height: 14.65pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">1400 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 73.75pt; height: 14.65pt;" valign="top" width="98"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">400 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 41.65pt; height: 14.65pt;" valign="top" width="56"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">65 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt medium; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 62.15pt; height: 14.65pt;" valign="top" width="83"> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">830 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border: medium none ; padding: 0pt;" width="4"><p class="MsoNormal"> </p></td> </tr> <!--[if !supportMisalignedColumns]--> <tr height="0"> <td style="border: medium none ;" width="132"></td> <td style="border: medium none ;" width="129"></td> <td style="border: medium none ;" width="97"></td> <td style="border: medium none ;" width="98"></td> <td style="border: medium none ;" width="4"></td> <td style="border: medium none ;" width="55"></td> <td style="border: medium none ;" width="4"></td> <td style="border: medium none ;" width="78"></td> <td style="border: medium none ;" width="4"></td> </tr> <!--[endif]--> </tbody></table> <p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="CM30" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 14pt;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="CM27" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: rgb(0, 123, 158);"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> Work Of Minehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10169530382605747252noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2187153908408570667.post-6261962201835070962009-04-12T22:14:00.000-07:002009-04-12T22:15:52.203-07:00Castables and Concretes <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CRudi%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="City"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place"></o:smarttagtype><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id=ieooui></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"BLJIF H+ Times"; panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:auto; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:"BLJIP F+ Times"; panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:auto; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.CM29, li.CM29, div.CM29 {mso-style-name:CM29; mso-style-next:Normal; margin-top:0pt; margin-right:0pt; margin-bottom:10.5pt; margin-left:0pt; mso-pagination:none; mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"BLJIF H+ Times"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="CM29" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">Monolithic linings and furnace sections can be built up by casting refractory insulating concretes, and by stamping into place certain light weight aggregates suitably bonded. Other applications include the formation of the bases of tunnel kiln cars used in the ceramic industry. The ingredients are similar to those used for making piece refractories, except that concretes contain some kind of cement, either <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Portland</st1:place></st1:city> or a high-alumina cement. <o:p></o:p></span></p> Work Of Minehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10169530382605747252noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2187153908408570667.post-59752847886504115822009-04-12T22:07:00.000-07:002009-04-12T22:14:22.963-07:00Ceramic fibre<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjbi5eLw_rWcGFEimyJZF1cUIblC3Rp6ZM5V75cfnvxW1MOE7w7s2HNpJwSAMfI5asU6AvLpSjsLZ39Fp4L2KuG1QlUz2fGFgZ1U5wwI2KGykwHXqEvXg5z8G4F1Y7If0NoHgcbK1jqG4/s1600-h/2Ch5_img_10.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 252px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjbi5eLw_rWcGFEimyJZF1cUIblC3Rp6ZM5V75cfnvxW1MOE7w7s2HNpJwSAMfI5asU6AvLpSjsLZ39Fp4L2KuG1QlUz2fGFgZ1U5wwI2KGykwHXqEvXg5z8G4F1Y7If0NoHgcbK1jqG4/s320/2Ch5_img_10.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5324039643584906738" border="0"></a><br /><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; 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mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="Default" style="margin-right: -0.55pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: windowtext;">Ceramic fibre is a low thermal mass insulation material, which has revolutionalised the furnace design lining systems. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-right: 5.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: windowtext;">Ceramic fibre is an alumino silicate material manufactured by blending and melting alumina and silica at temperature of 1800 - 2000 °C and breaking the molten stream by blowing compressed air or dropping the melt on spinning disc to form loose or bulk ceramic fibre. The bulk fibre is converted to various products including blanket, strips, veneering and anchored modules, paper, vacuum formed boards and shapes, rope, wet felt, mastic cement etc. for insulation applications. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM8" style="margin-bottom: 58.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">Fibres are usually produced in two temperature grades based on Al<sub><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; position: relative; top: 2pt;">2</span></sub>O<sub><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; position: relative; top: 2pt;">3 </span></sub>content. A recent addition is ZrO<sub><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; position: relative; top: 2pt;">2 </span></sub>added alumino silicate fibre, which helps to reduce shrinkage levels thereby rating the fibre for higher temperatures. Continuous recommended operating temperature for fibres are given in the following Table 5.8: </p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; width: 454.5pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="606"> <tbody><tr style="height: 21.5pt;"> <td style="border-style: solid; border-color: black; border-width: 1pt 1.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; background: rgb(154, 210, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 454.5pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 21.5pt;" width="606"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "BLJHK F+ T T 11 A 3 O 00"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">TABLE 5.8 CONTINUOUS RECOMMENDED OPERATING TEMPERATURE FOR FIBRES <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.65pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 454.5pt; height: 16.65pt;" width="606"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">A1</span><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">2</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">O</span><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">3 </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">SiO</span><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">2 </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">ZrO</span><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">2 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 46.4pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-width: medium 1.1pt 1.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 454.5pt; height: 46.4pt;" valign="top" width="606"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">1150 °C 43 – 47% 53 – 57% – 1250 °C 52 – 56% 44 – 48% – 1325 °C 33 – 35% 47 – 50% 17 – 20% <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="CM29" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 14pt;">These fibres are generally produced in bulk wool form and needled into blanket mass of various densities ranging from 64 to 190 kg/m<sup><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;">3</span></sup>. Converted products and over 40 different forms are made from blankets to suit various requirements. </p> Work Of Minehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10169530382605747252noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2187153908408570667.post-38814346827919514712009-04-12T22:05:00.000-07:002009-04-12T22:07:06.380-07:00Important Properties of Ceramic Fibre <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CRudi%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Wingdings; 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font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="CM29" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">The characteristics of ceramic fibres are a remarkable combination of the properties of refractories and traditional insulation material. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM5" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "BLJJG E+ Times";">1. Lower Thermal Conductivity </span></i><span style="font-family: "BLJJG E+ Times";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM4" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">The low thermal conductivity - 0.1 kCal/m hour deg C at 600 °C for 128 kg/m</span><sup><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;">3 </span></sup><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">density blanket <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM5" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">- allows construction of thinner linings with the same thermal efficiency as that of conventi onal refractories. Hence, for the same outer envelope dimension the furnace volume is much <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM29" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="CM29" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">higher. It is 40 % more effective than good quality insulation brick and 2.5 times better than asbestos product. Insulating property of ceramic fibre is better than calcium silicate product. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM5" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "BLJJG E+ Times";">2. Light Weight </span></i><span style="font-family: "BLJJG E+ Times";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM29" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">Average density of ceramic fibre is 96 kg/m</span><sup><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">. It is one tenth of the weight of insulating brick and one third that of asbestos / calcium silicate boards. For new furnaces structural supports can be reduced by 40%. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM5" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "BLJJG E+ Times";">3. Lower Heat Storage </span></i><span style="font-family: "BLJJG E+ Times";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM29" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">Ceramic fibre linings absorb less heat because of lower density. Furnace can be heated and cooled at faster rates. Typically the heat stored in a ceramic fibre lining system is in the range of 2700 - 4050 kCal/m</span><sup><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;">2 </span></sup><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">(1000 - 1500 Btu/Ft</span><sup><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">) as compared to 54200-493900 kCal/m</span><sup><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;">2 </span></sup><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">(20000 - 250000 Btu/Ft</span><sup><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">) for conventionally lined system. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM5" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "BLJJG E+ Times";">4. Thermal Shock Resistant </span></i><span style="font-family: "BLJJG E+ Times";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM29" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">Ceramic fibre lining resist thermal shock due to their resilient matrix. Also faster heat up and cool down cycles are possible thereby improving furnace availability and productivity. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM5" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "BLJJG E+ Times";">5. Chemical Resistance </span></i><span style="font-family: "BLJJG E+ Times";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM29" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">Ceramic fibre resist most of the chemical attack and is unaffected by hydrocarbons, water and steam present in flue gases. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM5" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "BLJJG E+ Times";">6. Mechanical Resilience </span></i><span style="font-family: "BLJJG E+ Times";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM29" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">This property permits fibre lined furnaces to be shop fabricated and shipped to site in assembled form without fear of damage. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM5" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "BLJJG E+ Times";">7. Low Installation Cost </span></i><span style="font-family: "BLJJG E+ Times";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM29" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">No special skills are required as application practices are standardised. Fibre linings require no dry out or curing times and can be heated to the capacity of the burners after installation is completed without concern for cracking or spalling. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM5" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "BLJJG E+ Times";">8. Simple Maintenance </span></i><span style="font-family: "BLJJG E+ Times";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM29" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">In case of physical damage the defective section can be quickly removed and a replacement piece added. Whole panel sections can be prefabricated for fast installation with minimal down time. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM5" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "BLJJG E+ Times";">9. Ease of Handling </span></i><span style="font-family: "BLJJG E+ Times";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM29" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">All product forms are easily handled and most can be quickly cut with a knife or scissors. Vacuum formed products may require cutting with a band saw. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM5" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "BLJJG E+ Times";">10. Thermal Efficiency </span></i><span style="font-family: "BLJJG E+ Times";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM13"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times";">The low thermal conductivity of ceramic fibre can be advantageously made use of by the lesser lining thickness and reduced furnace volume. The fast response of ceramic fibre lined furnace also allows for more accurate control and uniform temperature distribution within the furnace. The other advantages offered by ceramic fibre are summarized below: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; color: windowtext;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: windowtext;">Light weight furnace <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; color: windowtext;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: windowtext;">Simple steel fabrication work <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; color: windowtext;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: windowtext;">Low down time <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; color: windowtext;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: windowtext;">Increased productivity <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; color: windowtext;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: windowtext;">Additional capacity <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; color: windowtext;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: windowtext;">Low maintenance cost <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; color: windowtext;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: windowtext;">Longer service life <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; color: windowtext;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: windowtext;">Higher thermal efficiency <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; color: windowtext;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: windowtext;">Faster response. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="Default"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: windowtext;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> Work Of Minehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10169530382605747252noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2187153908408570667.post-63140744025390208322009-04-12T22:00:00.000-07:002009-04-12T22:04:58.181-07:00High Emissivity Coatings <meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link style="font-family: arial;" rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CRudi%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link style="font-family: arial;" rel="Edit-Time-Data" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CRudi%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso"><!--[if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} </style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"BLJIF H+ Times"; 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mso-style-parent:Default; mso-style-next:Default; margin:0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:14.0pt; mso-pagination:none; mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"BLJIF H+ Times"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.CM29, li.CM29, div.CM29 {mso-style-name:CM29; mso-style-parent:Default; mso-style-next:Default; margin-top:0pt; margin-right:0pt; margin-bottom:10.5pt; margin-left:0pt; mso-pagination:none; mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"BLJIF H+ Times"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.CM28, li.CM28, div.CM28 {mso-style-name:CM28; mso-style-parent:Default; mso-style-next:Default; margin-top:0pt; margin-right:0pt; margin-bottom:19.5pt; margin-left:0pt; mso-pagination:none; mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"BLJIF H+ Times"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="CM5" face="arial" style="text-align: justify;"><font size="2">Emissivity, the measure of a material's ability to both absorb and radiate heat, has been considered by engineers as being an inherent physical property which like density, specific heat and thermal conductivity, is not readily amenable to change. However, the development of high emissivity coatings now allows the surface emissivity of materials to be increased, with resultant benefits in heat transfer efficiency and in the service life of heat transfer components. High emissivity coatings are applied in the interior surface of furnaces. The Figure 5.9 shows emissivity of various insulating materials including high emissivity coatings. High emi</font><font size="2">ssivity coating shows a constant value over varying process temperatures. <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="CM28" face="arial" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 14pt;"><font size="2">The application of high-emissivity coatings in furnace chambers promotes rapid and efficient transfer of heat, uniform heating, and extended life of refractories and metallic components such as radiant tubes and heating elements. For intermittent furnaces or where rapid heating is required, use of such coatings was found to reduce fuel or power to tune of 25-45%. Other benefits are temperature uniformity and increased refractory life.</font><font size="2"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyr5Ydp7XiyuL8w3oMK7LaLhklEkMi4BPw2jPSx6cxHgrm2Ftw8lulhE6A7dlZcma6qhhM1_INvkasIxfHHI6LFS211qzLjOwNCHCdUpTMLGVI0sNfrbx906RfiGJka8sPp_7uvxVMPWo/s1600-h/2Ch5_img_11.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 234px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyr5Ydp7XiyuL8w3oMK7LaLhklEkMi4BPw2jPSx6cxHgrm2Ftw8lulhE6A7dlZcma6qhhM1_INvkasIxfHHI6LFS211qzLjOwNCHCdUpTMLGVI0sNfrbx906RfiGJka8sPp_7uvxVMPWo/s320/2Ch5_img_11.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5324036856532165330" border="0"></a></font></p><font style="" face=""" size="2"><o:p></o:p></font> <p class="CM28" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 14pt;"><font style="" face="""><font style="" face="arial" size="2">Furnaces, which operate at high temperature, have emissivities of 0.3. By using high emissivity coatings this can go upto 0.8 thus effectively increasing the radiative heat transfer. </font><o:p></o:p></font></p> Work Of Minehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10169530382605747252noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2187153908408570667.post-39466354048277032502009-04-12T21:56:00.000-07:002009-04-12T21:57:20.010-07:00Selection of Refractories <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CRudi%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"BLJIF H+ Times"; panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:auto; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:"BLJIP F+ Times"; panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:auto; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.CM5, li.CM5, div.CM5 {mso-style-name:CM5; mso-style-next:Normal; margin:0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:14.0pt; mso-pagination:none; mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"BLJIF H+ Times"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.CM30, li.CM30, div.CM30 {mso-style-name:CM30; mso-style-next:Normal; margin-top:0pt; margin-right:0pt; margin-bottom:3.75pt; margin-left:0pt; mso-pagination:none; mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"BLJIF H+ Times"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.CM28, li.CM28, div.CM28 {mso-style-name:CM28; mso-style-next:Normal; margin-top:0pt; margin-right:0pt; margin-bottom:19.5pt; margin-left:0pt; mso-pagination:none; mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"BLJIF H+ Times"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.CM10, li.CM10, div.CM10 {mso-style-name:CM10; mso-style-next:Normal; margin:0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:14.0pt; mso-pagination:none; mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"BLJIF H+ Times"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.CM22, li.CM22, div.CM22 {mso-style-name:CM22; mso-style-next:Normal; margin:0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:14.0pt; mso-pagination:none; mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"BLJIF H+ Times"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="CM5" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">The selection of refractories for any particular application is made with a view to achieve the best performance of the equipment furnace, kiln or boiler and depends on their properties. Further, the choice of a refractory material for a given application will be determined by the type of furnace or heating unit and the prevailing conditions e.g. the gaseous atmosphere, the presence of slags, the type of metal charge etc. It is, therefore, clear that temperature is by no means the only criterion for selection of refractories. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM30" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">Any furnace designer or industry should have a clear idea about the service conditions which the refractory is required to face. The furnace manufacturers or users have to consider the following points, before selecting a refractory. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM22" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">i) Area of application. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM10" style="margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">ii) Working temperatures. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM10" style="margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">iii) Extent of abrasion and impact. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM10" style="margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">iv) Structural load of the furnace. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM10" style="margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">v) Stress due to temperature gradient in the structures and temperature fluctuations. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM10" style="margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">vi) Chemical compatibility to the furnace environment. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM10" style="margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">vii) Heat transfer and fuel conservation <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM30" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 12pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">viii) Cost considerations. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM5" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">It is therefore, essential to have an objective evaluation of the above conditions. A proper assessment of the desired properties would provide guidelines for selection of the proper refractory materials. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM28" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "BLJIP F+ Times"; color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">It would be important to mention here that the furnace manufacturer or a user is also concerned with the conservation of energy. Fuel can be saved in two ways: either by insulation or by faster working. Both these methods give low energy cost per tonne of product. <o:p></o:p></span></p> Work Of Minehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10169530382605747252noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2187153908408570667.post-73774299217777718562009-04-12T21:50:00.000-07:002009-04-12T21:55:26.537-07:00Heat Losses from Furnace Walls <meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CRudi%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="Edit-Time-Data" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CRudi%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso"><!--[if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} </style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Wingdings; 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mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="CM5" style="text-align: justify; font-family: arial;"><font style="" size="2">In furnaces and kilns, heat losses from furnace walls, affect the fuel economy substantially. The <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="CM5" style="text-align: justify; font-family: arial;"><font style="" size="2">extent of wall losses depends on: <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="CM10" style="margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; font-family: arial;"><font style="" size="2">i) emissivity of walls; <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="CM10" style="margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; font-family: arial;"><font style="" size="2">ii) conductivity of refractories; <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="CM10" style="margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; font-family: arial;"><font style="" size="2">iii) wall thickness; <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="CM27" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 12pt; line-height: 14pt; font-family: arial;"><font style="" size="2">iv) whether furnace or kiln is operated continuously or intermittently. </font></p> <p class="CM5" style="text-align: justify; font-family: arial;"><font style="" size="2">Different materials have different radiation power (emissivity). The emissivity of walls coated with aluminium paint is lower than that of bricks. Fig. 5.10(A) shows the coefficient of heat dissipation for the following conditions: <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="CM22" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 12pt; font-family: arial;"><font style="" size="2">a) rough vertical plane surface. <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="Default" style="text-indent: 12pt; line-height: 14pt; font-family: arial;"><font size="2">b) Vertical aluminium painted walls The variations of thermal conductivity for typical refractory materials (silica brick, fireclay brick and insulation brick) with temperature is depicted in Figure(B). Thus at a mean temperature of 600 °C, conductivity of the insulation brick is only 20 per cent of that for fireclay brick. </font></p> <p class="Default" style="text-indent: 12pt; line-height: 14pt; font-family: arial;"><font style="" size="2"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align: center; font-family: arial;" align="center"><font size="2"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr8Iujio3fOXvA8MDMDXGD2DK84vyTjTBw7yCOpYcLp6guwxb2nWDbo4_ytMDu5-sloKOusy4G9XPRl3g5An_tcykSBO-vK1tqFrquT_SmcXB0wUNZyiU8ulhpS2bqv3sISi2MJUbY9hg/s1600-h/2Ch5_img_12.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 154px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr8Iujio3fOXvA8MDMDXGD2DK84vyTjTBw7yCOpYcLp6guwxb2nWDbo4_ytMDu5-sloKOusy4G9XPRl3g5An_tcykSBO-vK1tqFrquT_SmcXB0wUNZyiU8ulhpS2bqv3sISi2MJUbY9hg/s320/2Ch5_img_12.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5324034174282886306" border="0"></a></font></p> <p class="CM5" style="text-align: justify; font-family: arial;"><font style="" size="2"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="CM5" style="text-align: justify; font-family: arial;"><font style="" size="2"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="CM5" style="text-align: justify; font-family: arial;"><font style="" size="2">Heat losses can be reduced by increasing the wall thickness, or through the application of insulating bricks. Outside wall temperature and heat losses for a composite wall of a certain thickness of firebrick and insulation brick are much lower due to lesser conductivity of insulating brick as compared to a refractory brick. <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="CM8" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; font-family: arial;"><font style="" size="2">In the case of batch furnace operation, operating periods (‘on’) alternate with idle periods (‘off’). During the off period, the heat stored in the refractories in the on-period is gradually dissipated, mainly through radiation and convection from the cold face. In addition, some heat is obstructed by air flowing through the furnace. Dissipation of stored heat is a loss, because the lost heat is at least in part again imparted to the refractories during the next ‘on’ period, thus expending fuel to generate the heat. If a furnace is operated 24 hr. every third day, practically all of the heat stored in the refractories is lost. <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="CM27" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 14pt; font-family: arial;"><font style="" size="2">But if the furnace is operated 8 hrs. per day, not all the heat stored in the refractories is dissipated. For a furnace with firebrick wall (350 mm) it is estimated that 55 per cent of the heat stored in the refractories is dissipated from the cold surface during 166 hours idle period. Furnace walls build of insulating refractories and encased in a shell reduce flow of heat to the surroundings. Inserting a fibre block between the insulating refractory and the steel casing can further reduce the loss. The general question one asks is how much heat loss can be reduced by application of insulation. The answer is that it depends on the thickness of firebricks and of the insulation and on continuity of furnace operation. <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="CM5" style="text-align: justify; font-family: arial;"><font size="2"><b style=""><font style="color: rgb(34, 30, 31);">To sum up, the heat losses from the walls depend on: <o:p></o:p></font></b></font></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; font-family: arial;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="color: rgb(34, 30, 31);" size="2"><font style="">·<font style=""> </font></font></font><!--[endif]--><font style="" size="2">Inside temperature. <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; font-family: arial;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="color: rgb(34, 30, 31);" size="2"><font style="">·<font style=""> </font></font></font><!--[endif]--><font style="" size="2">Outside air temperature. <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; font-family: arial;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="color: rgb(34, 30, 31);" size="2"><font style="">·<font style=""> </font></font></font><!--[endif]--><font style="" size="2">Outside air velocity. <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; font-family: arial;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="color: rgb(34, 30, 31);" size="2"><font style="">·<font style=""> </font></font></font><!--[endif]--><font style="" size="2">Configuration of walls. <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; font-family: arial;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="color: rgb(34, 30, 31);" size="2"><font style="">·<font style=""> </font></font></font><!--[endif]--><font style="" size="2">Emissivity of walls. <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; font-family: arial;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="color: rgb(34, 30, 31);" size="2"><font style="">·<font style=""> </font></font></font><!--[endif]--><font style="" size="2">Thickness of walls. <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; font-family: arial;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="color: rgb(34, 30, 31);" size="2"><font style="">·<font style=""> </font></font></font><!--[endif]--><font style="" size="2">Conductivity of walls. <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="font-family: arial;" class="Default"><font style="" size="2">The following conclusions can be drawn: <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; font-family: arial;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="color: rgb(34, 30, 31);" size="2"><font style="">·<font style=""> </font></font></font><!--[endif]--><font style="" size="2">Thickness of walls and Conductivity of walls can be easily controlled by the furnace fabricator. <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; font-family: arial;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="color: rgb(34, 30, 31);" size="2"><font style="">·<font style=""> </font></font></font><!--[endif]--><font style="" size="2">As the wall thickness increases, the heat losses reduce. <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; font-family: arial;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="color: rgb(34, 30, 31);" size="2"><font style="">·<font style=""> </font></font></font><!--[endif]--><font style="" size="2">As thickness of insulation is increased, heat losses reduce. <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; font-family: arial;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="color: rgb(34, 30, 31);" size="2"><font style="">·<font style=""> </font></font></font><!--[endif]--><font style="" size="2">The effect of insulation in reducing heat losses is more pronounced than the increase of wall thickness. Roughly 1 cm of insulation brick is equivalent to 5 to 8 cm of refractory (firebrick). <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; font-family: arial;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="color: rgb(34, 30, 31);" size="2"><font style="">·<font style=""> </font></font></font><!--[endif]--><font style="" size="2">In intermittent furnaces, thin walls of insulating refractories are preferable to thick walls of a normal refractory for intermittent operation since less heat is stored in them. <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; font-family: arial;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="color: rgb(34, 30, 31);" size="2"><font style="">·<font style=""> </font></font></font><!--[endif]--><font style="" size="2">One approach to achieve less heat storage capacity would be to utilise insulating material itself to form the inner refractory lining. Robust refractories with fairly good strength and spalling resistance can be used for temperatures in the range of 1300 °C. They are termed as hot face insulation. <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="color: rgb(34, 30, 31); font-family: arial;" face="Symbol" size="2"><font style="">·<font style=""> </font></font></font><!--[endif]--><font style="" face="""><font size="2"><span style="font-family: arial;">Hot face insulating bricks are lighter than normal refractories, weighing only one-third to one-half as much. Therefore, heat storage in the hot face insulation is very much reduced. </span></font><o:p></o:p></font></p> Work Of Minehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10169530382605747252noreply@blogger.com0